Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War

In the late 20th century, the island nation of Sri Lanka tore itself apart in a brutal civil war. At the most basic level, the conflict arose from the ethnic tension between Sinhalese and Tamil citizens. In reality, though, the causes were much more complex and arose in large part because of Sri Lankas colonial history. Background Great Britain ruled Sri Lanka—then called Ceylon—from 1815 to 1948. When the British arrived, the country was dominated by Sinhalese speakers whose ancestors likely arrived on the island from India in the 500s BCE. Sri Lankan people seem to have been in contact with Tamil speakers from southern India since at least the second century BCE, but migrations of significant numbers of Tamils to the island appear to have taken place later, between the seventh and 11th centuries CE. In 1815, the population of Ceylon numbered about three million predominantly Buddhist Sinhalese and 300,000 mostly Hindu Tamils. The British established huge cash crop plantations on the island, first of coffee, and later of rubber and tea. Colonial officials brought in approximately a million Tamil speakers from India to work as plantation laborers. The British also established schools in the northern, Tamil-majority part of the colony, and preferentially appointed Tamils to bureaucratic positions, angering the Sinhalese majority. This was a common divide-and-rule tactic in European colonies that had troubling results in the post-colonial era in places such as Rwanda and Sudan. Civil War Erupts The British granted Ceylon independence in 1948. The Sinhalese majority immediately began to pass laws that discriminated against Tamils, particularly the Indian Tamils brought to the island by the British. They made Sinhalese the official language, driving Tamils out of the civil service. The Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 effectively barred Indian Tamils from holding citizenship, making stateless people out of some 700,000. This was not remedied until 2003, and anger over such measures fueled the bloody rioting that broke out repeatedly in the following years. After decades of increasing ethnic tension, the war began as a low-level insurgency in July 1983. Ethnic riots broke out in Colombo and other cities.  Tamil Tiger insurgents killed 13 army soldiers, prompting violent reprisals against Tamil civilians by their Sinhalese neighbors across the country. Between 2,500 and 3,000 Tamils likely died, and many thousands more fled to Tamil-majority regions. The Tamil Tigers declared the First Eelam War (1983-87) with the aim of creating a separate Tamil state in northern Sri Lanka called Eelam. Much of the fighting was directed initially at other Tamil factions; the Tigers massacred their opponents and consolidated power over the separatist movement by 1986. At the outbreak of the war, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India offered to mediate a settlement. However, the Sri Lankan government distrusted her motivations, and it was later shown that her government was arming and training Tamil guerrillas in camps in southern India. Relations between the Sri Lankan government and India deteriorated, as Sri Lankan coast guards seized Indian fishing boats to search for weapons. Over the next few years, violence escalated as the Tamil insurgents used car bombs, suitcase bombs, and landmines against Sinhalese military and civilian targets. The quickly-expanding Sri Lankan army responded by rounding up Tamil youths and torturing and disappearing them. India Intervenes In 1987, Indias Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, decided to directly intervene in the Sri Lankan Civil War by sending peacekeepers. India was concerned about separatism in its own Tamil region, Tamil Nadu, as well as a potential flood of refugees from Sri Lanka. The peacekeepers mission was to disarm militants on both sides, in preparation for peace talks. The Indian peacekeeping force of 100,000 troops not only was unable to quell the conflict, it actually began fighting with the Tamil Tigers. The Tigers refused to disarm, sent female bombers and child soldiers to attack the Indians, and relations escalated into running skirmishes between the peacekeeping troops and the Tamil guerrillas. In May 1990, Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa forced India to recall its peacekeepers; 1,200 Indian soldiers had died battling the insurgents. The following year, a female Tamil suicide bomber named Thenmozhi Rajaratnam assassinated Rajiv Gandhi at an election rally. President Premadasa would die in a similar attack in May 1993. Second Eelam War After the peacekeepers withdrew, the Sri Lankan Civil War entered an even bloodier phase, which the Tamil Tigers named the Second Eelam War.  It began when the Tigers seized between 600 and 700 Sinhalese police officers in the Eastern Province on June 11, 1990, in an effort to weaken government control there. The police laid down their weapons and surrendered to the militants after the Tigers promised no harm would come to them. However, the militants took the policemen into the jungle, forced them to kneel, and shot them all dead, one by one. A week later, the Sri Lankan Minister of Defense announced, From now on, it is all out war. The government cut off all shipments of medicine and food to the Tamil stronghold on the Jaffna peninsula  and initiated an intensive aerial bombardment. The Tigers responded with massacres of hundreds of Sinhalese and Muslim villagers. Muslim self-defense units and government troops conducted tit-for-tat massacres in Tamil villages. The government also massacred Sinhalese school children in Sooriyakanda and buried the bodies in a mass grave, because the town was a base for the Sinhala splinter group known as the JVP. In July 1991, 5,000 Tamil Tigers surrounded the governments army base at Elephant Pass, laying siege to it for a month. The pass is a bottleneck leading to the Jaffna Peninsula, a key strategic point in the region. Some 10,000 government troops raised the siege after four weeks, but over 2,000 fighters on both sides had been killed, making this the bloodiest battle in the entire civil war. Although they held this chokepoint, government troops could not capture Jaffna itself despite repeated assaults in 1992-93. Third Eelam War January 1995 saw the Tamil Tigers sign a peace agreement with the new government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga. However, three months later the Tigers planted explosives on two Sri Lankan naval gunboats, destroying the ships and the peace accord. The government responded by declaring a war for peace, in which Air Force jets pounded civilian sites and refugee camps on the Jaffna Peninsula, while ground troops perpetrated a number of massacres against civilians in Tampalakamam, Kumarapuram, and elsewhere. By December 1995, the peninsula was under government control for the first time since the war began. Some 350,000 Tamil refugees and the Tiger guerrillas fled inland to the sparsely populated Vanni region of the Northern Province. The Tamil Tigers responded to the loss of Jaffna in July 1996 by launching an eight-day assault on the town of Mullaitivu, which was protected by 1,400 government troops. Despite air support from the Sri Lankan Air Force, the government position was overrun by the 4,000-strong guerrilla army in a decisive Tiger victory. More than 1,200 of the government soldiers were killed, including about 200 who were doused with gasoline and burned alive after they surrendered; the Tigers lost 332 troops. Another aspect of the war took place simultaneously in the capital of Colombo and other southern cities, where Tiger suicide bombers struck repeatedly in the late 1990s. They hit the Central Bank in Colombo, the Sri Lankan World Trade Centre, and the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, a shrine housing a relic of the Buddha himself. A suicide bomber tried to assassinate President Chandrika Kumaratunga in December 1999—she survived  but lost her right eye. In April 2000, the Tigers retook Elephant Pass  but were unable to recover the city of Jaffna. Norway began trying to negotiate a settlement, as war-weary Sri Lankans of all ethnic groups looked for a way to end the interminable conflict. The Tamil Tigers declared a unilateral ceasefire in December 2000, leading to hope that the civil war was truly winding down. However, in April 2001, the Tigers rescinded the ceasefire and pushed north on the Jaffna Peninsula once more. A July 2001 Tiger suicide attack on the Bandaranaike International Airport destroyed eight military jets and four airliners, sending Sri Lankas tourism industry into a tailspin. Long Road to Peace The September 11 attacks in the United States  and the subsequent War on Terror  made it more difficult for the Tamil Tigers to get overseas funding and support. The United States also began to offer direct aid to the Sri Lankan government, despite its terrible human rights record over the course of the civil war. Public weariness with the fighting led to President Kumaratungas party losing control of parliament and the election of a new, pro-peace government. Throughout 2002 and 2003, the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers negotiated various ceasefires and signed a Memorandum of Understanding, again mediated by the Norwegians. The two sides compromised with a federal solution, rather than the Tamils demand for a two-state solution or the governments insistence on a unitary state. Air and ground traffic resumed between Jaffna and the rest of Sri Lanka.   However, on October 31, 2003, the Tigers declared themselves in full control of the north and east regions of the country, prompting the government to declare a state of emergency. Within just over a year, monitors from Norway recorded 300 infractions of the ceasefire by the army and 3,000 by the Tamil Tigers. When the Indian Ocean Tsunami hit Sri Lanka on December 26, 2004, it killed 35,000 people and sparked another disagreement between the Tigers and the government over how to distribute aid in Tiger-held areas. On August 12, 2005, the Tamil Tigers lost much of their remaining cachet with the international community when one of their snipers killed Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, a highly respected ethnic Tamil who was critical of Tiger tactics. Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran warned that his guerrillas would go on the offensive once more in 2006 if the government failed to implement the peace plan. Fighting erupted again, including the bombing of civilian targets such as packed commuter trains and buses in Colombo. The government also began assassinating pro-Tiger journalists and politicians. Massacres against civilians on both sides left thousands dead over the next few years, including 17 charity workers from Frances Action Against Hunger, who were shot down in their office. On September 4, 2006, the army drove the Tamil Tigers from the key coastal city of Sampur. The Tigers retaliated by bombing a naval convoy, killing more than 100 sailors who were on shore leave. After October 2006 peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, did not produce results, the Sri Lankan government launched a massive offensive in eastern and northern parts of the islands to crush the Tamil Tigers once and for all. The 2007-2009 eastern and northern offensives were extremely bloody, with tens of thousands of civilians caught between the army and Tiger lines. Entire villages were left depopulated and ruined in what a U.N. spokesman termed a bloodbath. As the government troops closed in on the last rebel strongholds, some Tigers blew themselves up. Others were summarily executed by the soldiers after they surrendered, and these war crimes were captured on video. On May 16, 2009, the Sri Lankan government declared victory over the Tamil Tigers. The following day, an official Tiger website conceded that This battle has reached its bitter end. People in Sri Lanka and around the world expressed relief that the devastating conflict had finally ended after 26 years, hideous atrocities on both sides, and some 100,000 deaths. The only question remaining is whether the perpetrators of those atrocities will face trials for their crimes.

Models of Consumer Decision Making - 554 Words

How do consumers choose what products they are going to buy? Do they blindly walk in to a store and choose the first thing they see, or is there a science behind their behavior of buying? This is a question that has plagued researchers for years. Millions of products are bought worldwide every day, but what drives consumers to buy what they do? The book, Consumer Behavior, states that there are four views of consumer decision-making. These views are considered to be models of consumers (462). These models â€Å"refer[s] to a general view or perspective as to how (and why) individuals behave the way they do (462). The models are split into four different views of consumer behavior in the marketplace: an economic view, a passive view, an emotional view, and lastly, a cognitive view. This paper will focus solely on the cognitive view and the arguments that defend this way of consumer decision-making. In the cognitive view, consumers are seen as the thinking problem solver (â€Å"Menta l Processes Part 2†). The first criticism surrounding the cognitive view is that â€Å"consumers are either receptive to or actively searching for products and services to fulfill their needs and enrich their lives â€Å"(463). This means that consumers are constantly looking for products that have some purpose to them, and they tend to not buy items that do not provide some fulfillment or use. An example of this would be a man is aggravated because his dirty dishes are pilling up and he does not own a dishwasher. HeShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Process Model5350 Words   |  22 Pagescritically analyse 2 chosen consumer decision process models, the KBM model by Kotler, Bowen and Makens (2006) and the BEM model by Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2006) if they are vague or/ and all-encompassing in hospitality industry today with relevant industry examples. Secondary research is used to conduct data to support the author’s argument. Consumer behaviour in hospitality industry today is changing by the impact of globalisation and post-modernism; consumers became more price-sensitiveRead MoreCognitive and Behavioural Model1364 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two models that we will analyze in this essay to see which is the most suitable approach to understand consumer behaviour, they are cognitive and behavioural models, there are actually three models lies within initial decisions of consumer behavior, the third one is reinforcement model but in this case we will not analyze it. First of all, the way of starting off the essay is by defining both cognitive and behavioural models found from the journals, followed by comparison between the twoRead MoreConsumer Behaviour1699 Words   |  7 PagesA MODEL OF CONSUMER DECISION MAKING The process of consumer decision making has 3 stages: input stage, process stage and output stage. The input stage influences the consumer’s recognition of a product need and consists of 2 major sources of information: 1) the company’s marketing efforts (product, price, promotion and price) and the external sociological influences on the consumer (family, friends, neighbours other informal and non-commercial sources, social class and cultural and subculturalRead MoreAdult Decision Making Process Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesAdult Consumer Decision Making Process Adults have to make many decisions each day, decisions selecting one option over another. How adult consumers make decisions to buy have been studied by marketers to sell their products and services. Marketers have several views of consumers with different perspectives of how individuals make decisions: economic, passive, cognitive, and economic views. However, there is a decision making model that reflects all of the views. First, we will discuss the processRead MorePersonality Type Consumer Behavior824 Words   |  4 Pagestype and its effect on Consumer Behavior† | | | | Submitted by: Ashu Gurtoo | 09bshyd0186 | Project Proposed: â€Å"Personality type and its effect on consumer behavior† Description of the project: We will first try to understand what is consumer behavior What do we really want to study when we say that we want to study consumer behavior? * Why consumers make the purchases that they make * What factors influence consumer purchases * WhyRead MoreThe Relevant Theories Of Advertising1354 Words   |  6 PagesRelevant Theories of Advertising When discussing within the advertising sector, a universally praised model must to mention is AIDA-model. 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What’s more, it should also be mentioned that all of the articles are well selected and they are also in different levels and depths and for various aspects regarding the topic of the online shopping investigation for luxury brands in China. 2.1 The Background of Online Purchase Decision-Making Behavior To begin with, a purchase decision is a finalRead MorePurchasing Behaviour - Consumer Modeling1219 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 13 Consumer Modeling Things to learn in this chapter: †¢ Engel, Blackwell and Miniard model. †¢ J.N.Sheth model of industrial behaviour. †¢ Nicosia model. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard model The core of the EBM model is a decision process, which is augmented with inputs from information processing and other influencing factors. The model has four distinctive sections, namely Input, Information Processing, Decision Process and Variables influencing decision process. InformationRead MorePerceptions And Attitudes Of The Consumer Buying Process1000 Words   |  4 Pagesaffect consumer buying behavior therefore marketers are interested in them. Marketers can change the beliefs and attitudes of customers by launching special campaigns in this regard. To change the brand s marketing message or adjust its positioning in order to get consumers to change their brand perception. Stages of the Consumer Buying Process Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processesRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Consumer behaviour and holidays In this assignment I will be analysing the following; a case study presented on how holiday decision making varies from the traditional problem-solving model of consumer decision making. Q1 By analysing the traditional problem-solving of consumer decision making you can grasp that the market of holiday makers is more complex. The traditional method follows the concept that the consumers desire or needs creates a problem within the individual, which leads

Essay about The Life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - 899 Words

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27 1756 in Salzbury, Austria. His father Leopold Mozart was a successful composer, violinist and assistant concert master at the Salzbury court. His mother Anna Maria Pertl was born into middle class. Her family was local community leaders. He had a sister named Maria Anna Mozart. Her nick name was Nannerl. She was 4 years older than Wolfgang. At the age of 3 Wolfgang mimic his sister playing the piano. He showed that he understood cords, tonality and tempo. That when his father began tutoring him. At the age of 5 Wolfgang demonstrated outstanding playing on the clarinet and violin. In 1762 at the age of 6 Wolfgang and his sister started touring throughout Europe from Paris to London. On his†¦show more content†¦In March 1781 he was asked by Archbishop von Colloredo of Vienna for Joseph the 2nd of Austrian throne, while he took the job, he was treated like a servant. After getting out of that job with the Archbishop’s. He de cided to stay in Vienna and work as a freelance performer and composer. Where he live with his friend an at the home of Fridolin Weber. Wolfgang found work in Vienna. His work ranged from teaching, writing music and playing in concerts. He also being writing an opera call die Entfuhruing aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the seraglio). In 1781 he fell in love with Fridolin Weber’s daughter Constaze. They were married on August 4 1782. Constaze and Wolfgang had 6 children, but only 2 kids’s survived infancy. There names are Karl Thomas and Franz Xaver. Wolfgang followed the music of Johannes Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel. Which influenced his own music such as Die Zauberflote (The Magic Flute), and symphony number 41? Along that time Wolfgang and Joseph Hergdn meet and became good friends. When they got together they performed impromptu concerts with string quartets. Wolfgang wrote 6 quartet dedicated to Haydn between 1782 and 1783. In 1783 Wolfgang’ s music started to take off. He and his wife started living the lavish lifestyle. With his new wealth he had servants, exclusive apartment building in Vienna and expensive boarding school for the kids. In 1784 Wolfgang wrote a Mass in C minor, and only twoShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life and Story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart better known as just Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptised January 27, 1756 in Salzburg on Getreidegasse street in the ninth house, which at the time was a part of the Holy Roman Empire but is now Austria. He was born to Leopold and Anne Maria Pertl Mozart in the same house he lived in until he was 17 with his mother, father and his big sister Maria Anne, she was his only sibling to survive infancyRead More Life Of Mozart Essay670 Words   |  3 Pages The Life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-91) is regarded as the greatest composer who ever lived. He began writing minuets at the age of 5,and by the time he died in 1791 at the age of 35, he had produced 626 cataloged works. â€Å" Mozart has enriched the concerto form with a larger number of masterpieces than any other composer.†1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is said to be the greatest genius in western music history.Read MoreThe History And Transitions Of Music933 Words   |  4 Pagestransitions of music has had many talented persons that have influenced music but none are so well known as Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. All three of these great composers performed during the Classic period and it would act as the base of classic music for the next one hundred and fifty, to two hundred years. The names of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are so well known that people who have little to no knowledge of music will recognize their names. The urban communitiesRead MoreJennifer Persaud. Professor Adams . Music 101. April 2017.1148 Words   |  5 Pages Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 and died in 1791. Shortly after his birth in Salzburg, Austria, he was baptized as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart however, he just went by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. As aforementioned, his baptism refers to the religious rite of a person that belongs to a Christian Church. His mother, Anna Maria Mozart and his father, Leopold Mozart had seven children together howeverRead More Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesWolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, as he is generally known, was baptized in a Salzburg Cathedral on the day after his birth as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus. The first and last given names come from his godfather Joannes Theophilus Pergmayr, although Mozart preferred the Latin form of this last name, Amadeus, more often Amadà ©, or the Italiano Amadeo, and occasionally the Deutsch Gottlieb. Whatever the case may be, he rarely - if ever - used Theophilus in his signatureRead MoreThe Classical Music Genre1271 Words   |  6 PagesClassical genre is the same, they are just as different as the composers are to one another. Wolfgang Mozart is a very well known composer. He was not only popular in the time period in which he lived, but he continues to be one of the better known composers in today’s society. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. He was the only surviving son of Leopold and Maria Pertl Mozart. Wolfgang’s father, Leopold, was â€Å"a successful composer, violinist, and assistant concertRead MoreThe Classical Era Of Music1012 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven. A very important composer whose music is still heard today is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His fame and great works in music changed throughout his childhood, middle age, and his final years. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria January 27, 1756. His father Leopold Mozart was a violinist to the court. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the child that Leopold was waiting for because he would construct little Mozart into the greatestRead MoreEssay about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart799 Words   |  4 PagesWolfgang Amadeus Mozart baptized as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart lived from January 27, 1756 to December 5, 1791. Mozart was a very influential and prolific composer of more than 600 works, including symphonies, concertante, chamber, piano, opera, and choral music. Regarded as a child prodigy, Mozart composed and performed in the European courts from the age of five, and was engaged at the Salzburg court at 17. Mozart’s musical style can be classified as Classical, althoughRead More wolfgang amadeus mozart Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages Mozart was considered to be the best musician/composer of all time. Mozart was a genius when it ca me music and composing, he was said that no other could rival him and to this day people still say that he is the best. The reason why I choose to do Mozart is the fact I do believe he is the best musician/composer of all time, and his life story is of a tragic but gifted young soul. Later on you will find out about his family, his teachings, his tragedies, and of course his accomplishments. WolfgangRead MoreAnalysis of Mozarts K. 515 Mvt. 11279 Words   |  6 PagesWolfgang Amadeus Mozart Quintet No. 3 in C major, K. 515 Andrew McGuire Dr. Burkart MUSHIS 200 11/19/2012 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prodigy of his time, and arguable the greatest of all time. This paper will discuss an analysis of his third string quintet in C major, K. 515. Through this piece in Sonata Form we will dissect the exposition, the development, the recapitulation, and the coda; along with an analysis of the quintet we will briefly discuss parts of Mozart’s life, as well as

IOT Garbage Monitoring System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using an internet search, explore an internet of things project currently underway or already in place. Provide a detailed account of the issues it respond to and outline its key features. Answer: Introduction The IOT is a paradigm where the objects of our daily use would be equipped with the technology of sensing, identifying, networking as well as communicating among themselves as well as to the users in order to accomplish certain objectives(Agarwal, 2014). The following article reports about some of the fantastic projects going on, which would ease the work of humans and will provide a more efficient system. This article also highlights the inherent challenges of using the technology in our day to day activities. Problem Monitoring Of Garbage System : Maintaining The Appropriate Moisture Level In Fields. Street Light Maintenance Iot Garbage Monitoring System Features The system monitors these bins and reports about the garbage level that got collected in the bins through a web page. For this purpose, this system makes use of ultrasonic sensors that are placed in those bins to detect the level of garbage and to compare it with the depth of the bin. It makes use of AVR family micro controller, Wi-Fi modem to send data, a buzzer and LCD screen. It gets power by the help of a transformer of 12V. LCD is used to display the garbage level in those bins. At the same time, a web page built is used to show the status of the system to that user who is monitoring it. This web page provides a graphical view of the bins and highlights the amount of garbage collected in a different color to show the garbage level that got collected. A buzzer is put on by the system when the garbage level crosses the set limit. Pros: The project IOT Garbage Monitoring system is an innovative system that will help in keeping the cities cleaner. Hence this system assists to keep the city neat by reporting about the level of garbages of those bins by giving a graphical view via IOT based system(IOT Garbage Monitoring System Project, NevonProjects, 2017). Cons: However, the system faces the common challenge of compatibility and longevity, connectivity and intelligence analysis and actions. The IOT is supposed to last long, and hence the standardization of equipment used is necessary to prevent the system from being obsolete. At the same time, intelligence analysis and actions present a challenge in the situation of data flaws(IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2017). Iot Based Irrigation Features The system uses wifi, Arduino Uno board to send the signals to control and connect to the website. The system enables the user to modify and view the status of moisture and motor. The moisture level can be checked from a remote distance and can be altered in a desired manner. It enables the farmer to operate the water-motor from a distant area and will thus increase productivity as well as would stop the degradation of land and water resources(IOT Irrigation Monitoring Controller System, NevonProjects, 2017). Pros Farmers work on the large area of land to produce different varieties of crops. It is always not possible for a single person to keep track of the entire farm area at all the times. At times it may be possible that a given tract of land gets more water which may lead to waterlogging, or it may get far less or nil water at all which may lead to the arid soil. In both of the situation, the crops may get affected adversely, and the farmer might suffer losses(Dlodlo, 2017). An IOT based solution can be used to solve the above-mentioned problem, which can monitor and control the supply of water in order to maintain the perfect level of moisture as well as assuring the judicious use of water resources. Cons However, the system faces the challenges of its compatibility over a vast area having different requirement of water. The connectivity will remain a major issue, and would need deployment of extra hardware and will thus enhance the complexities. The other factors like its longevity will also remain a major challenge, and therefore standardization of equipment is of utmost importance because the lot things are meant to serve for a longer period even if the original manufacturers stop production(Dickson, 2016). Iot Street Light System Features The proposed system consists of smart street lights that have the ability to sense the external light and automatically adjust the intensity of light as desired according to the external environment. In this system, each unit has the load sensing functionality which would help it to detect any fault in the system. It automatically flags that light, and the data is sent over to the IOT monitoring system, which then fixes it. In this system, there is the use of IOTGecko development platform for the online system and Kotecki API to send data and view it online. The system uses wifi module, at mega 328 micro controllers, rectifier, regulator, power supply, street lights, a light sensor as the main hardware whereas programming language C and Arduino compiler are the principal software in use. Pros An IOT based street light system can be helpful in controlling and monitoring effectively. It will ensure consumption monitoring, low consumption of power instant detection of faulty lights and light dimming according to external conditions. The proposed system also enables the user controlling and monitoring the system to predict the daily consumption by the intensity of light as well as monthly requirement. Cons The above system may face the challenge of data flaws due to the failure of intelligence analysis and requisite action. It may also face issues like security of the system from other anti-social elements. At the same time, the issue of longevity remains and therefore requires the use of standard products, such that the system doesnt become obsolete with time(Narayanan, 2017). Conclusion The IoT promises to make the lives of people better by automation and augmentation. However, at present, it also faces some challenges. It needs proper attention to make this an enduring technology. References Adinarayana E. Huh Y Wan T. Kiura. (2014). Becoming technological advanced - lOT applications in smart agriculture Dickson, B. (2016).4 Major Technical Challenges Facing IoT Developers SitePoint.SitePoint. Dlodlo, N. (2017).The internet of things in agriculture for sustainable rural development - IEEE Xplore Document. Narayanan, k. (2017).Addressing The Challenges Facing IoT Adoption | 2017-01-15 | Microwave Journal Anagnostopoulos, T. (2015).IOT Garbage Monitoring System Project IOT Irrigation Monitoring Controller System NevonProjects. (2017). IOT Streetlight Controller System | NevonProjects. (2015. Agarwal, a. (2014).The Internet of ThingsA survey of topics and trends.